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[RC] knapweed and lupine - Dot Wiggins

In the late 1950's  spotted knapweed was invading the Bitterroot Valley of
Montana, and I'm sure other places.

My experience has been that Lupine roots are deadly poison for sheep,
doesn't take much, and usually only dangerous when the ground is soft and
wet in spring so they pull the roots up.
Cows are the same, but takes a lot more, and lore says it causes
deformed/dead calves.
Horses don't seem to be as sensitive to it.  They bite off the stems rather
than pull it up, but can cause a problem.
But they are sure pretty flowers.

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Prudence and focus will carry you a long way on a horse. 
~  Frank Solano

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